From the foundation of the Roman republic to the principate of Augustus.

509 - Foundation of Roman republic

508 - reforms of Cleisthenes at Athens

506 - Athens defeats Chalcis and Beotians

490 - battle of Marathon

480 - Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis

478 - foundation of the Delian League against Persia

474 - Syracuse defeats Etruscans at battle of Cumae

461-451 - first Peloponnesian war

431-404 - second Peloponnesian war

396 - Romans capture Etruscan city of Veii

390 - Gauls sack Rome

378 - foundation the second Athenian Confederacy

366-360 - Satraps' Revolt from Persian King

359 - Philip II becomes King of Macedon

357 - war between Macedon and Athens; Social War between Athens and members of her confederacy (357-55)

340-338 - Latin War - Rome incorporates Latium and Campania

338 - Philip defeats Athens & Thebes

336-323 - reign of Alexander the Great

334 - Alexander crosses into Asia, conquest of Asia Minor

331 - foundation of Alexandria; defeat of Darius at Gaugamela, capture of Mesopotamia, Babylon, Persepolis and Pasargadae

326 - Alexander conquers Punjab, reaches Indian Ocean

c325 - Pytheas of Massilia’s voyage to Britain

311 - division of Alexander’s empire; foundation of Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt

310 - Romans advance into Etruria

303 - Seleucus cedes Indian territories to Chandragupta, founder of the Mauryan dynasty

279 - invasion of Macedon and Greece by Gauls

272 - surrender of Tarentum, Roman alliance with southern Italian Greek cities

298-290 - Third Samnite war

264-241 - First Punic War - Rome gains control of Sicily

228 - Rome establishes protectorate over the Illyrian coast

219-217 - Fourth Syrian War between Egypt and Seleucid Empire

218-201 - Second Punic War - Rome gains colonies in Spain

214-205 - first Macedonian War between Rome and Philip V

202-191 - Roman conquest of Cisapline Gaul

197-133 - wars in Spain

167 - defeat of Macedon; Romans order Antiochus IV out of Egypt; Maccabean revolt against Antiochus

149-146 - third Carthaginian War - destruction of Carthage, Africa becomes a Roman province

148 - fourth Macedonian war; sack of Corinth. Macedonia becomes a Roman province

141-130 - Parthians attack Seleucid Empire

133 - Pergamum bequeathed to Rome; becomes province of Asia (129)

88-63 - Mithridatic wars. Pompey victorious; establishment of provinces of Bithynia, Cilicia, Syria, Crete

82-80 - Dictatorship of Sulla

73-71 - slave revolt of Spartacus

63 - Consulate of Cicero; Catilinarian conspiracy; Caesar elected pontifex maximus

60 - first triumvirate - Pompey, Crassus and Caesar

58-49 - Caesar campaigns in Gaul

55-53 - Crassus campaigns in the East, killed by the Parthians at the battle of Carrhae

49 - Ceasar crosses the Rubicon

47-44 - Dictatorship of Ceasar

42 - Republicans defeated at Philippi; Brutus & Cassius commit suicide

31 - Octavian defeats Antony at battle of Actium

30 - annexation of Egypt by Rome

27 - ‘Republic restored’; Octavian given the name ‘Augustus’.

Key sources:

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Roman World (Boardman, Oxford, 1986)

The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World (Boardman, Oxford, 1986)

The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (Scarre, Penguin, 1995)

The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek (Cunliffe, Penguin, 2002)

Events prior to the foundation of the Roman Republic and the reforms of Cleisthenes at Athens.

c4000-2700 - development of megalithic burial cultures on the Atlantic coast; at Boyne-Orkney, Morbihan, and Tagus.

c2700-2200 - Old Kingdom in Egypt

c2700-2000 - Summerian period in Mesopotamia

c2200-1450 - Middle Minoan palace culture

c2130-1800 - Middle Kingdom in Egypt

c2100 - probably arrival of Mycenean Greeks in Greece

c2000-1700 - Old Babylonian period in Mesopotamia

c2000-1400 - development of elites in Wessex, Amorica and Ireland

c1600-1200 - development of Mycenean palace culture

c1575-1000 - New Kingdom in Egypt

c1450 - Mycenean domination of the Agean

c1400 - beginning of Assyrian domination of central Mesopotamia

1352-1336 - Reign of Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten

1279-1213 - Reign of Ramses II.

c1200 - Hittite Empire destroyed

c1000-750 - age of Phoenician expansion

814 - traditional date of the foundation of Carthage

c800 - foundation of Gadir (Cadiz), Phoenician trading city; trade with Tartessos

776 - first Olympic games

775-650 - Greek colonisation in the western mediterranian

753 - traditional date of the foundation of Rome

734-680 - Lelantine war between Chalcis and Eretria

730-710 - Spartan conquest of Messenia

720 - Sargon of Assyria conquers Syria, Israel (722)

c700-400 - La Tene / Hallstatt period of central European Celtic culture

664 - Greeks begin to penetrate Egypt as mercenaries and traders

612-609 - Fall of Nineveh - division of Assyrian Empire between Media and Babylon

600 - Foundation of Massalia by Phocaeans

595-586 - first Sacred War for the control of Delphi

587 - capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadrezzar of Babylon

559-530 - Cyrus founds Persian Empire

545 - conquest of the Ionian Greeks by Persians

540 - Battle of Alalia - Carthaginians and Etruscans check Greek expansion in western Mediterranian

512 - Darius conquers Thrace

509 - Foundation of Roman Republic

Key sources:

The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (Shaw, Oxford, 2000)

The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World (Boardman, Oxford, 1986)

The Mediterranean in the Ancient World (Braudel, Penguin, 2002)

Facing the Ocean - the Atlantic and its Peoples (Cunliffe, Oxford, 2001)

Mesopotamia - the Invention of the City (Leick, Penguin, 2001)

Domains and Conquest of Jara

These maps set out my view of the domains and principalities of Jara ca TR640, and show the progress of the conquest of most of Jara by the Ivínians from TR652–676.

This site will be used to share files and other materials that were once available on the old Tower Hills website. That site was first set up over 20 years ago, as a way of helping people access world-building and roleplaying materials, and for me to share my thoughts and analysis on these topics. The old site became too difficult to maintain as time moved on- particularly the links to others sites.

This site will focus on sharing files and analytics, and posts on world-building and roleplaying topics that interest me. I won’t attempt to fully recreate the old site.